names

Countries whose real names differ from the generally accepted ones: TOP-10

30/01/2022 by

An interesting fact is that most of the names on the political map of the world (whether in Russian, English or any other language) do not correspond to the names used by the inhabitants of the designated territories. In the material below, we have collected the most interesting differences in the generally accepted and real names of states.

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TOP 10 countries whose real names are radically different from the generally accepted ones

Indeed, most of us do not pay much attention to the correctness of the toponyms used. We still buy real Ceylon tea, although the island, like the country, has been called Sri Lanka for half a century, we do not recognize the name of the state of Myanmar that has been used for 30 years and continue to stubbornly call it Burma, we linguistically reduce the Kingdom of the Netherlands to two Dutch regions, etc. . However, knowing the correct names of some states is not only useful for general development, but also quite curious.

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Deutschland (Germany)

As you know, the unification of the German lands took place quite recently in a historical perspective, and therefore the neighbors still call this state in accordance with the nicknames of those tribes with which their ancestors had more contact. So, the French call the country Allemania, the Russians – Germany, the Finns – Saks, the Danes – Tiskland, the Ukrainians – Nimechchina, the Poles – just Germans, and the Icelanders even call it Piskaland. In international circulation, the English name Germany is used, but the citizens themselves refer to their state as Deutschland.

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Hellas (Greece)

Calling the state Greece in the presence of an orthodox Hellene is almost as insulting as calling the city Odessa in the presence of a native Odessan. Although, in fact, in the very antiquity that all the inhabitants of the country dream of, there were no Hellenes. The inhabitants of Corinth considered themselves Corthians, and the Athenians lived in Athens. However, subsequently, with the light hand of Herodotus, all the territories mastered by the Greeks really began to be called Hellas, and the inhabitants – Hellenes. But then there were the Romans, who did not care deeply about all the merits of the creators of the ancient civilization. It was they who introduced the name Greece, which is used in various versions today by the whole world, except for the Greeks themselves, who still call their country – Hellas (Ελλάδα).

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El Maghreb (Morocco)

The history of the appearance of the generally accepted name of this state is remarkable in that it is a typical example of the European colonialists’ disregard for local names. The abbreviated self-name of the country is El Maghreb or the Kingdom of the Maghreb, which roughly translates as “west” and is easily explained by the geographical location of the state on the northwestern coast of the African continent. The French, having colonized this territory, called it simply by the name of one of the largest cities – Marrakech.

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Ayastan (Armenia)

The origin of the common name “Armenia” is in many ways similar to Dutch history and is associated with the name of the region Armi, while the Armenians themselves call the country Ayastan (Հայաստան) in honor of Hayk, the commander, according to legend, in 2492 BC. who defeated the Babylonians.

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Nihon or Nippon (Japan)

The East is a delicate matter, and it can be quite difficult to understand the etymology of the names of Asian countries. However, in the case of “the place where the sun rises” everything is more or less clear. In fact, this phrase, familiar to a Russian-speaking person, is the real name of the State of Japan, which is written in kanji characters and pronounced as “Nihon koku” or “Nippon koku”. That is how the representatives of the Chinese Sun dynasty called the island state, for whom the sunrise geographically began precisely from Japan, and then the Pacific desert extended. The name Nihon is used mostly by the Japanese in everyday life, while Nippon can be seen in official documents.

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Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland)

Although the world’s largest island is not an independent state, its presence on this list is justified by a rather original, generally accepted name. According to one version, the Norwegian Viking Eric the Red, who organized the first settlements here and wanted to lure as many compatriots as possible into his possessions, came up with the idea to call the harsh cold area “green land” (Greenland or in Danish Grønland). The self-name of the island is Kalaallit Nunaat, which can be translated as “Land of the Kalaalites” (Kalaalites are a tribe of local Eskimos).

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United Kingdom (UK)

The most difficult situation with names has developed in the British Isles, where a person who is not particularly interested in geography can completely get confused. Here is England, and Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, and two Irelands, one of which is Northern, and the second for some reason not Southern, but if you add here Australia, Canada and many small state formations, the inhabitants of which in one way or another are subjects of the British crown, it becomes quite difficult to put the whole administrative division in your head.

Let’s start with the UK. This is how most people around the world, including Russian speakers, call the state, which includes four main territories: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. However, to be absolutely precise, Great Britain is more of a geographical name, denoting the largest island of the country, but only England, Scotland and Wales are located on it, while Northern Ireland is located on another island along with its neighbor – ordinary Ireland.

The political name that should be used (but is used quite rarely) in international circulation is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland or, for short, the United Kingdom. Among other things, the British themselves exacerbate the problem. For example, at the Olympic Games they compete under the name Great Britain, while including athletes from Northern Ireland in the team. At the same time, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own national football teams, playing under their own flags to the accompaniment of different anthems at FIFA and UEFA international competitions.

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Netherlands (Holland)

Another rather complex state formation, the basis of which is the Kingdom of the Netherlands with its three islands: Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, as well as the Netherlands itself. At the same time, the Netherlands itself also includes three Caribbean islands: Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba, as well as the main European part, in which, among others, there are the provinces of South and North Holland. However, throughout the world, this multinational, complex state is still regularly called Holland, calling all its citizens Dutch, including those who have never left their island in the Caribbean and have never seen Holland itself.

As in the case of the British, the Dutch government was not particularly active in this matter – the country was designated as Holland at international summits, sports, economic forums, etc. However, at the beginning of 2020, it was decided to end the linguistic confusion at the legislative level, and the Netherlands finally abandoned the Holland brand.

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Sakartvelo (Georgia)

Here the situation is strictly opposite to that in the Netherlands. The Georgians themselves call the country Sakartvelo only after one of the regions of Kartli, which played a decisive role in the economic and cultural development of the state. The English-speaking international community calls the country Georgia, which is most likely associated with St. George, in whose honor the Georgians erected several hundred churches and consider him their patron.

The Russian-language name Georgia, presumably, has roots in Persian sources, where these territories are called the “land of wolves” – Gurjistan. And in Armenian, the country sounds like Vrastan, which can be translated into Russian as “Upper Country” (Georgia is located strictly north of Armenia).

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Joseon and Hanguk (North and South Korea)

As is the case with most other states, the rest of the world has no interest in the internal Korean political cuisine and the peninsula is easily divided along the 38th parallel into North Korea (DPRK) and South. The only problem is that the Koreans themselves do not recognize any division and both halves consider the other half to be temporarily annexed by damned capitalists or no less damned communists. Actually, the name Korea itself, derived from the name of the Koryo empire (which united the peninsula until 1392), is also not used by the Koreans themselves.

The self-name of North Korea is Joseon, which can be translated as “Land of the Morning Calm”. In turn, in the south, Korea is called Hanguk or Taehanminguk, and the division into the southern and northern parts follows the same principle as in the DPRK: in the north, Bukhan (Northern Khan), in the south, respectively, Namhan (Southern Khan).

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Aotearoa (New Zealand)

Despite the fact that the active development of the New Zealand islands by Europeans began only a couple of centuries ago, a single original name for this state does not exist in nature, although they are trying in every possible way to find it. The fact is that the Maori who lived here before the advent of the colonialists did not, of course, have any political borders and political maps, and their territories were limited to the shores of the islands, each of which had its own name (and it could be radically different from the name that was used for neighbors of the area).

However, the current international name of the country New Zealand is not very suitable for the New Zealanders themselves – it turns out that the largest state of Oceania is named after the not most prosperous, to put it mildly, southwestern province of the Netherlands, the reason for which was the nationality of the Dutch navigator Abel Tasman, named after which, by the way, is also named neighboring Tasmania.

The most acceptable option for restoring historical justice is considered to be the name Aotearoa, which roughly translates as “Land of the Long White Cloud”, however, opponents of the renaming note that until the middle of the 20th century, the Maori themselves called it exclusively the Northern (one of the two main) islands of New Zealand.

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You probably do not know the first names of Sony, Google, Ebay, Nintendo, Megafon, Firefox, etc.

18/01/2022 by

We have long been accustomed to the fact that the names of famous brands have become part of our vocabulary. Every day people google for information, knock on a cart, play on a curling iron. However, the offer to use a backcraber or purchase the latest marafuku will at least be bewildering. Is this a joke or deliberate stupidity? But such conversations could well become real if at one time some companies retained their original names. There are many corporations famous all over the world for their brands, which could be called quite differently.

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8 famous companies, the first names of which you might not know

BackRub → Google

It is hard to imagine that the famous search engine was once called differently. But in 1996, Larry Page and Sergey Brin created the BackRub search engine. Its name literally translated into Russian means “back massage”. In fact, the term was associated with checking back links (back links) and using them to evaluate the importance of the site and its rank.

But this name of the search engine lasted only about a year. Investors were ready to write a check to the name of a non-existent company. The developers decided to call it googol after the number of one and hundreds of zeros. But when checking free domain names, google.com was introduced instead of googol.com. Page liked the name even better. So the company and its search engine got a name familiar to everyone.

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Jerry And David’s Guide To The World Wide Web → Yahoo!

Any marketer will tell you that a successful product needs a concise name. Hardly Yahoo! would have become so successful if it had retained its original name, Jerry And David’s Guide To The World Wide Web. It’s so hard to tell friends to use Jerry and David’s Guide to the World Wide Web. And even the use of the abbreviation JADGTTWWW would hardly change the situation. Who would remember a complex set of letters, except for the creators themselves?

Fortunately, they decided in time to change the name of the company to the much more concise Yahoo! This is an acronym for another phrase – Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle, which literally means “Another hierarchical uncouth soothsayer.” I just had to add an exclamation point to the abbreviation, because the Yahoo brand was already taken and belonged to the barbecue sauce.

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Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo → Sony

The economic boom in Asia has spawned many small companies. Some of them managed to break into world markets. The famous Japanese company Sony in 1946-1958 was called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo or “Tokyo Telecommunications and Industrial Company”. However, the rapid growth of the company and its entry into the American market required the creation of a new, universal brand. The word Sony appeared as a combination of the Latin word sonus (sound) and the American slang word sonny. So in the States in the 1950s they called young guys. The name of the company imperceptibly alluded to the release of devices for reproducing sound for active young people.

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Marufuku Company → Nintendo

It is hard to imagine, but the history of this company did not begin with electronics at all. But the creator of the company had the most direct relation to games. In 1889, Fusajiro Yamauchi opened a small business in Kyoto to manufacture Japanese playing cards. They were then painted by hand. The Japanese unofficially called his small company Nintendo Koppai.

The company gradually grew and in 1947 decided to distribute its cards more actively. For this, Marufuku Co. was founded. And four years later, the management decided to remember the history of the company, renaming it to Nintendo Playing Card Co. Ltd. In 1963, the long name was shortened to the laconic Nintendo. It was this brand that was to win world fame.

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Phoenix → Firefox

This popular browser has managed to change several names at once by today. Familiar to us under the name Mozilla Firefox, it was originally created under the code name Phoenix or “Phoenix”. However, trademark issues arose over time. There was Phoenix Technologies, which was not particularly pleased with the use of its brand.

Then Mozilla decided to change the name of their browser to Firebird. But again, the name of the product was chosen unsuccessfully – the database management system that already exists on the market immediately put forward claims. But no one has already protested the name Firefox.

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Research In Motion → Blackberry

One of the most popular mobile phone manufacturers in history until 2013 was called Research in Motion or RIM. But the company changed its name, as it has long been associated with a popular product – the Blackberry smartphone. The device with small keyboard buttons resembled strawberries or blackberries. But this did not help the business much, and after three years the deplorable financial condition of the company forced them to abandon the production of phones. Now Blackberry smartphones are made by the Chinese.

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Auction Web → Ebay

The famous online trading platform was launched in 1995 and was then simply called AuctionWeb. At that time it was just part of the personal website of programmer Pierre Omidyar. And in September 1997, the company received its modern name. At first, the founder wanted to name the Echo Bay Technology Group website after his consulting company. But the EchoBay.com domain name was already taken by the gold mining company Echo Bay Mines. Omilyar had to shorten the name to the laconic and sonorous eBay.com. It turned out to be very successful.

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ZAO North-West GSM → MegaFon

There were also renamings in the history of domestic business. The popular cellular operator MegaFon was originally called quite differently. In 1993, CJSC North-West GSM was established in St. Petersburg. The operator quickly began to develop, and by 2002 more than a million customers used its services. At the same time, the company was rebranded – it became known as MegaFon OJSC.

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How to use emoji instead of Safari bookmark names on Mac, iPhone and iPad

29/10/2021 by

Regular site bookmark in Chosen Safari is a picture favicon and signature. If you have a lot of favorite sites there, over time the text begins to clutter up the space on the screen – it simply becomes too much. Meanwhile, it can be easily replaced with an emoji icon – it will turn out both unusual and informative.

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How to add emoji to Safari bookmarks on Mac

1. In Safari on your Mac, click the Bookmarks button (next to the URL bar).

2. In the sidebar that opens, open the tab Favorites…

3. Right-click on the folder or bookmark to which you want to link the emoji and select Rename…

4. Remove the text from the title, switch to the emoji keyboard on the menu bar (instructions) and select the appropriate emoticon. You can use the search in Russian.

5. Close the bookmarks panel by clicking the corresponding button.

Now look at your bookmark! Wow – she has a wonderful emoji label :).

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How to add emoji to Safari bookmark on iPhone and iPad

The process for renaming names on iOS is almost identical to that on macOS. We have described in more detail how to work with bookmarks on the iPhone and iPad in this separate article.

P.S. Don’t forget – when you actively sync Safari bookmarks to iCloud, all changes on one of your iDevices are automatically applied to the rest.

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Russian names and surnames with which foreigners laugh

28/03/2021 by ALOK DAS

Of course, it is a little silly to laugh at foreign names and surnames, which may not sound particularly euphonious in Russian. Foreigners are full of such dissonant and funny names for the Russian ear, for example: Luke, Sisi, Julio, Conchita, Perdita, Nasrullah, Kumar, etc. True, it is naive to believe that such a situation exists only in the Russian language. Our names and surnames for foreigners can also sound very piquant, and okay, if it’s funny, or even just indecent. So, getting ready to chuckle at the name of another foreigner, think about how your personal data might sound in other countries. Here are some options, for example.

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Russian names that make foreigners laugh

Alla

Foreigners often associate the name Alla with a Muslim god. Arabic “Allah“Pronounced” Alla “, without a clear X at the end like ours. In English the same, but with an emphasis on the first syllable: Alla.

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Ira

Italians perceive the word ira literally like “anger, rage.”

In America Ira (pronounced Ira) – common male name.

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Ilya

This name in French sounds exactly like a key phrase il y a – “available”.

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Galina, Galya

In Italy and Spain, the word gallina Is literally a chicken.

And in Latvia “galya” (gaļa) means meat.

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Luda

Luda – in Serbia and Croatia means “crazy”. “Luda heap” is a madhouse.

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Masha

In Hebrew, “masha” is translated as “how much time.”

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Pauline

Pollino – in Spanish – “donkey”.

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Tanya

In Polish this name sounds exactly like a word tania – “cheap”. Let’s say tania restauracja is a cheap restaurant.

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Russian surnames that make foreigners laugh

Furtseva

This surname has long been heard around the world. After all, it was worn by the Minister of Culture at the time of Khrushchev. This domineering woman actively traveled to different countries, leading delegations. Such visits were usual for the countries of the socialist camp, but in the GDR the Germans smiled maliciously at the mention of the surname of a high-ranking official, which is usual for our person. The fact is that the German word furzen translated as “let the gases go”. The inhabitants of the GDR had to remain calm, although in their hearts they probably laughed at the Russian surname.

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Voinovich

The writer himself, whose fame was brought by the anecdote novel about the soldier Ivan Chonkin, rarely experienced problems with his personal data while abroad. But the surname of the prose writer was often confused with the surname of the author of The Gadfly, Ethel Lilian Voynich. And sometimes other funny things happened, one of which was even recorded by Sergei Dovlatov.

Viktor Nikolaevich went to the copy center to make copies of his documents there. The employee asked the visitor: “Voinovich?” The writer was delighted – he was recognized and confirmed his identity. But for some reason the worker asked again. It took a while for Voinovich to realize that he was simply being asked how many copies were required to be made. Phrase “one of each“(Van of ich) is very similar to his last name, but when applied to a photocopy, it translates as” one copy of each sheet. “

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Zhirkov

Another Russian footballer would only envy Arshavin. A defender who played for Chelsea in London in 2009-2011 learned that his surname closely resembles a rude English expression. jerk off… It literally means to masturbate.

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Dushin

This surname is quite common in Russia, moreover, there are many derivatives from it – Dushinsky, Dushev. It seems to us quite ordinary, some kind of airy, because at the root lies the “soul” or at least an ordinary household “shower”. But the associations of the English-speaking public will be completely different. The fact is that in England and the USA the word douche called a medical enema. So people, in whose last name this word is heard, invariably become the object of jokes of others.

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Arshavin

When the famous Russian footballer left to play for England for Arsenal in London, he quickly realized that transliteration problems are everywhere. When the midfielder’s name was applied to the shirt, Arshavin naturally appeared. Only this word turned out to be consonant with the English expression. ass shavingwhich means “shaving your ass”.

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Shitov

The surname, rather inconspicuous for the Russian language, may turn out to be problematic in countries with an English language. However, derivatives may also suffer – Shitko, Shitkov. There is a word in English shit, which can often be heard in dynamic films and action films. The literal translation is “shit”, so they swear so plainly in this language. Other common surnames Fokin (fucking) and Semenov (semen – semen, semen) also seem abusive.

And this situation is especially unpleasant for officials, the same diplomats. If an ordinary tourist with his last name will cause only a malicious smile from a native speaker, then the representatives of the country should not appear in such an image. Sometimes, because of this, you even have to change or rearrange the letters in the word. They say that one diplomat named Shitov was strongly advised to change her to Shilov. His other namesake was simply sent not to an English-speaking country, but to another.

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Kolosov

The owners of this surname may be the object of ridicule in Greece or Cyprus. The fact is that in Greek κωλος – this is the fifth point, or, simply, the ass. In this region, a person’s surname is transformed into Zadov, or even something more dissonant.

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Countries whose real names differ from the generally accepted ones: TOP-10

24/02/2021 by ALOK DAS

An interesting fact is that most of the names on the political map of the world (be it in Russian, English or any other language) do not correspond to the names used by the inhabitants of the designated territories. In the material below, we have collected the most interesting differences in common and real names of states.

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TOP 10 countries, whose real names are radically different from the generally accepted ones

Indeed, most of us do not pay much attention to the correctness of the place names used. We still buy real Ceylon tea, although the island, like the country, has been called Sri Lanka for half a century, we have not recognized the name of the state Myanmar for 30 years and continue to stubbornly call it Burma, linguistically we are reducing the Kingdom of the Netherlands to two Dutch regions, etc. … Nevertheless, finding out the correct names of some states is not only useful for general development, but also quite curious.

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Deutschland (Germany)

As you know, the unification of the Germanic lands happened quite recently in a historical perspective, and therefore the neighbors still call this state in accordance with the nicknames of those tribes with which their ancestors had more contact. So, the French call the country Allemania, the Russians – Germany, the Finns – Saxo, the Danes – Tiskland, the Ukrainians – Nimechina, the Poles – simply Germans, and Icelanders call it Piskaland. In international circulation, the English name Germany is used, but the citizens themselves call their state no other than Deutschland.

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Hellas (Greece)

To call the state Greece in the presence of an orthodox Hellene is almost as offensive as to call the city Odessa in the presence of a native Odessa citizen. Although, in fact, in the very antiquity that all the inhabitants of the country dream about, there were no Hellenes. The inhabitants of Corinth considered themselves Corfinians, and the Athenians lived in Athens. However, subsequently, all the territories developed by the Greeks, with the light hand of Herodotus, really began to be called Hellas, and the inhabitants – Hellenes. But then there were the Romans, who did not care deeply about all the merits of the creators of the ancient civilization. It was they who introduced the name Greece into circulation, which is used in different versions by the whole world today, except for the Greeks themselves, who still call their country Hellas (Ελλάδα).

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El Maghreb (Morocco)

The history of the emergence of the generally accepted name of this state is remarkable in that it is a typical example of the European colonialists’ disregard for local names. The abbreviated self-name of the country is El-Maghreb or the Kingdom of Maghreb, which roughly translates as “west” and is easily explained by the geographical location of the state on the northeastern coast of the African continent. The French, having colonized this territory, named it simply by the name of one of the largest cities – Marrakesh.

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Ayastan (Armenia)

The origin of the generally accepted name “Armenia” is in many ways similar to the Dutch history and is associated with the name of the region Armi, while the Armenians themselves name the country Ayastan (Հայաստան) in honor of Hayk – the commander, according to legend, in 2492 BC. who defeated the Babylonians.

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Nihon or Nippon (Japan)

The East is a delicate matter, and it can be quite difficult to understand the etymology of the names of Asian countries. However, in the case of “the place where the sun rises” everything is more or less clear. In fact, this phrase familiar to a Russian-speaking person is the real name of the State of Japan, which is written in kanji hieroglyphs and pronounced as “Nihon koku” or “Nippon koku”. This was the name of the island state by representatives of the Chinese Sun dynasty, for whom the sunrise geographically began from Japan, and then the Pacific Desert stretched. The Japanese use the name Nihon for the most part in everyday life, while Nippon can be seen in official documents.

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Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland)

Even if the world’s largest island is not an independent state, its presence in this list is justified by a rather original generally accepted name. According to one of the versions, the Norwegian Viking Erik the Red, who organized the first settlements here and wanted to lure as many compatriots as possible, came up with the name of the harsh cold area “green land” (Greenland or Grønland in Danish). The self-name of the island is Kalaallit Nunaat, which can be translated as “Land of the Kalaalits” (Kalaalits are a tribe of local Eskimos).

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United Kingdom (UK)

The most difficult situation with names has developed on the British Isles, where a person who is not particularly interested in geography can get completely confused. Here are England, and Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, and two Ireland, one of which is North, and the second is for some reason not South, but if we add Australia, Canada and many small state formations, whose inhabitants are, in one way or another, subjects of the British crown, then it becomes quite difficult to put the whole administrative division in your head.

Perhaps it’s worth starting with the UK. This is how most people around the world, including Russian-speakers, call the state, which consists of four main territories: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. However, to be absolutely precise, Great Britain is more of a geographical name denoting the largest island in the country, but only England, Scotland and Wales are located on it, while Northern Ireland is located on another island along with its neighbor – the usual Ireland.

The political name, which should be used (but is used quite rarely) in international circulation – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland or, for short, the United Kingdom. Among other things, the British themselves are aggravating the problem. For example, at the Olympic Games, they act under the name Great Britain, while including athletes from Northern Ireland on the team. At the same time, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own national football teams, flying their flags to the accompaniment of different anthems in international FIFA and UEFA competitions.

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Netherlands (Holland)

Another rather complex state formation, the basis of which is the Kingdom of the Netherlands with three islands included in it: Aruba, Curacao and Sint Maarten, as well as the Netherlands itself. At the same time, the Netherlands itself also has three Caribbean islands: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, as well as the main European part, in which, among others, there are the provinces of South and North Holland. However, all over the world, this multinational, complex state is still regularly called Holland, referring to all of its citizens as Dutch, including those who have never left their island in the Caribbean and have never seen Holland itself.

As in the case of the British, the Dutch government did not show much activity in this matter – the country was designated as Holland at international summits, sports, economic forums, etc. However, at the beginning of 2020, it was decided to end the linguistic confusion at the legislative level, and the Netherlands finally abandoned the Holland brand.

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Sakartvelo (Georgia)

Here the situation is strictly opposite to that in the Netherlands. The Georgians themselves call the country Sakartvelo only after one of the regions of Kartli, which played a decisive role in the economic and cultural development of the state. The English-speaking international community calls the country Georgia, which is most likely associated with St. George, in whose honor the Georgians have erected several hundred churches and consider him their patron.

The Russian-language name Georgia, presumably, has its roots in Persian sources, where these territories are called “land of wolves” – Gurjistan. And in Armenian the country sounds like Vrastan, which can be translated into Russian as “Upper Country” (Georgia is located strictly to the north of Armenia).

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Joseon and Hanguk (North and South Korea)

As is the case with most other states, the rest of the world has no interest in the internal Korean political cuisine and the peninsula is easily divided along the 38th parallel into North Korea (DPRK) and South Korea. The only problem is that the Koreans themselves do not recognize any division and both halves consider the other half to be temporarily annexed by the damned capitalists or no less damned communists. Actually, the very name Korea, derived from the name of the Koryo empire (which united the peninsula until 1392), is also not used by the Koreans themselves.

North Korea’s self-name is Joseon, which can be translated as “Country of Morning Freshness.” In turn, in the south, Korea is called Hanguk or Taehanmingguk, and the division into the southern and northern parts follows the same principle as in the DPRK: in the north, Bukhan (Northern Khan), in the south, respectively, Namkhan (Southern Khan).

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Aotearoa (New Zealand)

Despite the fact that the active development of the New Zealand islands by Europeans began only a couple of centuries ago, a single original name for this state does not exist in nature, although they are trying to find it in every possible way. The fact is that the Maori who lived here before the advent of the colonialists did not, of course, have any political borders and political maps, and their territories were limited to the shores of the islands, each of which had its own name (and it could be radically different from the name that was used for this territory is neighbors).

Nevertheless, the current international name of the country New Zealand does not suit the New Zealanders very much – it turns out that the largest state in Oceania is named after the not most prosperous, to put it mildly, southwestern province of the Netherlands, the reason for which was the nationality of the Dutch navigator Abel Tasman, by name which, by the way, is named also neighboring Tasmania.

The most acceptable option for restoring historical justice is considered the name Aotearoa, which roughly translates as “Land of the Long White Cloud”, but opponents of the renaming note that until the middle of the 20th century, the Maori themselves called this exclusively the North (one of the two main) islands of New Zealand.

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You probably do not know the first names of companies Sony, Google, Ebay, Nintendo, Megafon, Firefox, etc.

11/02/2021 by ALOK DAS

We have long been accustomed to the fact that the names of famous brands have become part of our vocabulary. People google every day in search of information, knock on the cart, play the curling iron. However, the offer to use a backcracker or purchase the latest marafucka will at least cause confusion. Is this a joke or intentional stupidity? But such conversations could very well become real, if at one time some companies retained their original names. There are many corporations famous all over the world for their brands, which could be called completely differently.

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8 famous companies whose first names you might not know

BackRub → Google

It is hard to imagine that the famous search engine was once called otherwise. But in 1996, Larry Page and Sergey Brin created the BackRub search engine. Its name literally translated into Russian means “back massage”. In fact, the term was associated with checking back links and evaluating with their help the importance of a site and its rank.

But this name of the search engine lasted only about a year. Investors were ready to write a check in the name of a non-existent company. The developers decided to name it googol after the number of ones and hundreds of zeros. But when checking free domain names, google.com was entered instead of googol.com. Page liked the name even better. This is how the company and its search engine acquired a familiar name.

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Jerry And David’s Guide To The World Wide Web → Yahoo!

Any marketer will tell you that a successful product requires a concise name. Yahoo! would be so successful if it kept its original name – Jerry And David’s Guide To The World Wide Web. It’s so hard to tell your friends to use Jerry and David’s Guide to the World Wide Web. And even using the JADGTTWWW acronym would hardly make a difference. Who would have remembered the complex set of letters besides the creators themselves?

Fortunately, they decided in time to change the company’s name to the much more concise Yahoo! This is an acronym for yet another phrase – Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle, which literally means “Another hierarchical uncouth diviner.” I just had to add an exclamation mark to the abbreviation, because the Yahoo brand was already occupied and belonged to the barbecue sauce.

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Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo → Sony

The economic boom in Asia has spawned many small companies. Some of them managed to break through to world markets. The famous Japanese company Sony in 1946-1958 was called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo or “Tokyo Telecommunications Industry Company”. However, the rapid growth of the company and its entry into the American market required the creation of a new, universal brand. The word Sony appeared as a combination of the Latin word sonus (sound) and the American slang word sonny. So in the States in the 1950s, young guys were called. The name of the company subtly alluded to the production of sound reproduction devices for active young people.

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Marufuku Company → Nintendo

It’s hard to imagine, but the history of this company did not begin with electronics at all. But the creator of the company was directly related to games. In 1889, Fusajiro Yamauchi opened a small business in Kyoto for the production of Japanese playing cards. They were then drawn by hand. The Japanese unofficially called his small company Nintendo Koppai.

The company gradually grew and in 1947 decided to more actively distribute its cards. For this, Marufuku Co. was founded. And four years later, the management decided to remember the history of the company, renaming it Nintendo Playing Card Co. Ltd. In 1963, the long title was shortened to the laconic Nintendo. It was this brand that was to gain worldwide fame.

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Phoenix → Firefox

This popular browser has managed to change several names by now. Familiar to us under the name Mozilla Firefox, it was originally created under the code name Phoenix or “Phoenix”. However, over time, there were problems with the trademark. There was a Phoenix Technologies company that didn’t particularly like using their brand.

Then Mozilla decided to change the name of their browser to Firebird. But again, the name of the product was chosen unsuccessfully – the database management system already existing on the market immediately put forward claims. But no one has begun to protest the name Firefox.

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Research In Motion → Blackberry

One of the most popular mobile phone manufacturers in history until 2013 was called Research in Motion, or RIM. But the company changed its name, as it has long been associated with the popular product – the Blackberry smartphone. The device with small keyboard buttons resembled strawberries or blackberries (blackberry). But this did not particularly help the business, and after three years the deplorable financial condition of the company forced it to abandon the production of phones. Now Blackberry smartphones are made by the Chinese.

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AuctionWeb → Ebay

The famous online trading platform was launched in 1995 and was then simply called – AuctionWeb. At that time, it was just part of the personal website of programmer Pierre Omidyar. And in September 1997 the company received its modern name. At first, the founder wanted to name the Echo Bay Technology Group website after his consulting company. But the domain name EchoBay.com has already been taken over by the gold mining company Echo Bay Mines. Omillar had to shorten the name to the laconic and sonorous eBay.com. It turned out to be very successful.

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CJSC North-West GSM → MegaFon

In the history of domestic business, there were also renaming. The popular mobile operator MegaFon was originally called quite differently. In 1993, North-West GSM CJSC was established in St. Petersburg. The operator quickly began to develop, and by 2002 more than a million customers were using its services. At the same time, the company was re-branded – it became known as OJSC “MegaFon”.

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How brand names appeared: Ikea, Lego, Pepsi, Reebok, Skype, Sony, Canon, Google, etc.

28/07/2020 by ALOK DAS

Did you know that “Lego” is a combination of the Danish words “leg godt”, which translates to “play great”? Some world-class names have become so familiar that it does not occur to look for a hidden meaning in them, but fans of etymology are not asleep. And they bring out interesting stories about the appearance of certain names.

How brand names appeared: Ikea, Lego, Pepsi, Reebok, Skype, Sony, Canon, Google – 15 stories about the origin of the names of famous companies

Ikea

The founder of the company, Ingvar Kampard, has put maximum authenticity into its name. He took his initials, I.K., and added the first letters of the words “Elmtaryd” and “Agunnaryd” to them – the farm and village where he grew up.

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Oracle

When Larry Ellison and Bob Oates were still working for the CIA, they were tasked with creating a unique database. Literally, an information storage system that could “answer any question.” Exactly like the mythical Oracle, without taking into account the fact that he liked to play it safe and often formulated his thought so that the questioner did not have any complaints about the answer.

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Pepsi

Caleb Bradham was a dreamer, so when he took part in the rebranding of a little-known drink, he decided to combine science and superstition. He took the word “dyspepsia”, which means indigestion, and removed the prefix “dys”. This gave rise to the myth that the new Pepsi is healthy and good for your appetite.

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WD-40

The inventor has consistently failed 39 attempts trying to achieve the desired effect in the laboratory. And only the 40th was crowned with success, which became a kind of landmark moment. Therefore, the new composition, without further ado, was called Water Displacement – 40th Attempt (water repellent – 40 attempts).

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Reebok

In Afrikaans and Danish slang, there is the word “rnebok”, which refers to a species of antelope. It also serves to denote the concept of “harmony, grace”. But its euphony for native English speakers is so-so, so the term was somewhat refined and turned into “reebok”.

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Skype

The initial concept of the messenger was formulated by the expression “sky peer-to-peer”, that is, an environment, a space for one-on-one communication, directly. Colleagues called those who worked on the project “skyper’ami”, according to the first letters of the technology name. In a natural way, “r” fell off, as we would say, dodged in the language, and we got the well-known Skype.

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Sony

The Latin word “sonus” means “music, sound”. In the 1950s. in Japan, the slang expression “sonny boy” has taken root – this is how smart, presentable young people were called, opposing them to the usual “majors”. The founders of the newly-minted company started the business with audio systems and simply followed the fashion, slightly correcting the popular word.

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Virgin

At the beginning of his career, Richard Branson’s innovative approach caused both bewilderment and irritation among colleagues. Someone once in their hearts threw that “we’re complete virgins at business” (we are totally inexperienced, the very innocence in this matter) and the boss liked this statement. A non-standard way to declare yourself without too much guile.

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Yahoo!

According to one of the versions, this is an abbreviation of the catch phrase “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle” – “Another Hierarchical Uncouth Diviner”. Well-aimed self-criticism of the new project, which was positioned as a “Guide to the Internet”. Yahoo! In general, healthy humor is inherent and many call themselves “yehu” in honor of the characters in “The Adventures of Gulliver” – a race of stupid, primitive humanoid creatures.

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Spotify

Many hours of brainstorming of the founders of the brand did not lead to anything, and Daniel Eck began to have problems with concentration and self-awareness. As he later sarcastically, he needed “spot” (point, place) “identify” (definition, identification). It turned out to be “spotify”, but Martin Laurentson hints that it was a spontaneous choice, a chaotic set of letters, to which a clear interpretation was added in hindsight.

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Starbucks

It was originally the name of the sea wolf from the novel “Moby Dick” by Herman Melville, which served as a model for the brave navigator for the founders of the brand. A kind of romantic image of a traveler and a trader in overseas curiosities, first of all, super popular coffee.

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Amazon

Jeff Bezos relied on two things – the letter “A”, as the beginning of the alphabet, and symbols that would indicate the great potential, the intentions of his brainchild. He began flipping through an explanatory dictionary and came across the Amazon, one of the largest and most important rivers in the world. Not a bad association, Bezos thought.

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Canon

In 1935, the enlightened Western world was poorly familiar with Buddhism and the name of the deity “Kwanon” would not tell anyone anything. Therefore, the company’s management decided to rebrand and simplify the original name to Canon.

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Google

If there are 100 zeros in the number, then according to mathematical rules it should be called “googol”. The future search giant claimed to work with such incredible data sets, so the term turned out to be very useful. It was only slightly simplified, on the assumption that Google would soon be spoken in dozens of different languages.

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The real names of the stars – what is actually the name of Chuck Norris, Bill Clinton, Elton John and 50 other celebrities

26/06/2020 by ALOK DAS

From time immemorial to the present day, the replacement of the name given at birth is a completely normal procedure, often not requiring legal registration. The reason for this may be a person’s desire to hide his origin, to distinguish between personal life and social activity, to use a more harmonious nickname instead of a surname, etc. Below is a list of the most interesting, in our opinion, pseudonyms of famous people.

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Nicolas Cage (Nicholas Kim Coppola)

Nicholas was 8 years old when his uncle Francis Ford Coppola directed The Godfather. Not wanting to use a surname that opens any doors in Hollywood, the aspiring actor subsequently took the pseudonym Cage, which is very commendable.

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Richard Bachman (Stephen King)

Another case of using a pseudonym worthy of respect. Under this unknown name, Stephen King has published several books to check if he is still loved for his quality literature and not his famous surname. The works were successfully sold, and Richard Bachmann himself was soon revealed by literary critics.

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Catherine I (Skavronskaya Marta Samuilovna)

The Russian Empress, as was established, did not have Russian roots at all and was called before moving to Russia Marta Skavronskaya. It is not known exactly who her peasant parents were (according to various sources, Latvians, Lithuanians or Estonians), but after the adoption of Orthodoxy, the future empress was named Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailova.

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Dolphin (Andrey Lysikov)

A rare hip-hop artist does not use a pseudonym. Even before the launch of the Dolphin solo project, Andrei Lysikov associated his name with an aquatic mammal and was called Dolphin as part of the Stag party.

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Mikhail Krug (Mikhail Vorobyov)

According to yard traditions, the future main singer of Russia, Mikhail Vorobyov, should have been nicknamed Sparrow in childhood, but chose the monosyllabic surname Krug as a pseudonym.

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Linda (Svetlana Gaiman)

She was born in Kazakhstan (Kazakh SSR), but received her pseudonym in Latvia, at the Jurmala competition “Generation” from producer Yuri Aizenshpis. By the way, the name Linda comes from Baltic mythology.

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Jamie Foxx (Eric Marlon Bishop)

The change of name to the sonorous Jamie Foxx helped Eric at the beginning of the stand-up comedian career, which preceded his appearance on the movie screen. By the way, his own father (the actor was brought up by a foster family) Darrel Bishop converted to Islam and renamed Shahid Abdullah.

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Natasha Koroleva (Natalia Poryvay)

Replaced by a pseudonym the name that her “musical” parents wore – Honored Artist of Ukraine Lidia Poryvay and choirmaster of the academic choir Vladimir Poryvay

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Cher (Sherilyn Sargsyan)

Like many other Armenian emigrants, father Sherilin Sargsyan settled in California, where the future singer was born. At the age of 16, she independently moved to Los Angeles, where she began a solo career.

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David Copperfield (David Seth Kotkin)

The surname Kotkin is inherited from the grandparents – Russian Jews who immigrated to Israel and then to the USA. Born in New Jersey, performed under the pseudonym “Davino”, and then used the character name of the novel by Charles Dickens.

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Evgeny Petrosyan (Evgeny Petrosyants)

The meme man and one of the most famous comedians of a bygone era slightly corrected the surname during the work of the entertainer, so that it was easier to pronounce. In addition, thanks to a whole galaxy of famous Armenians with the surname Petrosyan, Eugene quickly remembered the audience.

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Christmas tree (Elizabeth Ivantsiv)

Uses his childish yard nickname as a pseudonym.

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Thomas Anders (Bernd Weidung)

A participant in the world-famous duo Modern Talking changed the name Bernd Weidung, which is difficult to pronounce in most languages, to the sonorous Thomas Anders on the advice of the first record company with which he collaborated to record the single Judy.

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Jean Renault (Juan Moreno Herrere Jimenez)

If you ask any person to name ten people associated with France, then the famous actor Jean Reno will most likely get on this list. At the same time, his name is Don Juan Moreno Herrere Jimenez, he is Spaniard by birth, and was born at all in Morocco.

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Natalie Portman (Neta Lee Hershlag)

Reno’s partner in the film “Leon” is also perceived by many as a Frenchwoman, but in fact she was born in the most Jewish family in Jerusalem, received the name Natalie (Neta-Lee) Hershlag.

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Chuck Norris (Carlos Ray)

In fact, the Texas ranger in his childhood was called Carlos Ray, and he received the nickname Chuck in the army, where his Spanish-speaking colleague called him that.

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Snoop Dogg (Calvin Cordozar Broadus)

The popular hip-hop artist from the west coast got his nickname because he loved the cartoon of the same name in childhood, and my mother started calling him “Snuppy”. This was probably how she facilitated the pronunciation of the boy’s real name — Calvin Kordozar Broadus.

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Elton John (Reginald Kenneth Dwight)

Born Reginald Kenneth Dwight composed his pseudonym from the name of the British musician Elton Dean, nicknamed the horse from the television series “Steptoe and Son” and the blues singer Dolgovyy John Baldry, with whom he worked closely at the beginning of his career.

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Sophia Loren (Sofia Lazarro)

At the beginning of her acting career, she specialized in erotic films and starred under the pseudonym Sofia Lazarro. Subsequently, her husband and producer Carlo Ponti bought all the “adult” films with his wife and insisted on a change of pseudonym.

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Vin Diesel (Mark Sinclair)

In fact, the name of the actor has nothing to do with kerosene and until adulthood he was known as Mark Sinclair. In 1984, the guy got a job as a bouncer in a famous New York club, where he needed a stern nickname to match his muscles and shaved skull.

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Demi Moore (Demetria Gene Harmon)

From birth, the future movie star and the first beauty of Hollywood, Demetrius Gene Harmon, then she received the surname of stepfather Gynes, and later still bore the name of her husband Kutcher.

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Marilyn Monroe (Norma Jean Mortenson)

Actually, Norma Jean Mortenson was baptized by the Baptists as Norma Jean Baker, and in 1946 she received the pseudonym Marilyn in honor of Broadway star Marilyn Miller from the director of 20 Century Fox, and supplemented him with her mother’s maiden name Monroe.

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Marilyn Manson (Brian Hugh Warner)

The name borrowing chain was extended by Brian Hugh Warner, who named his rock band and himself in honor of the 50s sex symbol – Marilyn Monroe. The artist dedicated his surname to Charles Manson, the founder of the Family sect, who received nine life sentences for crimes committed by adherents of the organization.

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Pope John Paul II (Karol Jozef Wojtyla)

The 264th pope reached the highest point of the church Catholic hierarchy without being Italian, which did not happen 455 years before him. The pole by origin in the world bore the name Karol Jozef Wojtyla.

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George Michael (Yorgos Kyriakos Panagiotou)

Born in London, Yorgos Kyriakos Panayiot, apparently, did not really want to emphasize his Greek origin and chose the most English name and surname.

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Lady Gaga (Stephanie Joanne Angelina Germanotta)

If the shocking American singer introduces herself by her real name (Stephanie Joanne Angelina Germanotta), then she will really be considered a real lady.

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Pink (Alisha Beth Moore)

Megapopular in the null, the singer received the nickname Pink (“pink” – pink), because she often blushed with shyness, and the real name is Alisha Beth Moore.

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Muhammad Ali (Cassius Marcellus Clay)

One of the best athletes in boxing history was originally called Cassius Marcellus Clay, and after joining the Nation of Islam organization, he took the pseudonym Cassius X. Apparently, in the future, the Islamic beliefs of the boxer were strengthened and he finally abandoned his real name, becoming Muhammad Ali.

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Freddie Mercury (Farrukh Balsara)

Rock musician Farrukh Balsara was born in eastern Africa in Zanzibar, his mother and father were Parsi (people in India, immigrants from Iran). When the future star turned 8 years old, the family moved to India, where English-speaking children began to call Balsara Freddy. The second part of the pseudonym is the planet Mercury.

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Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorn Clemens)

The American writer replaced the name Samuel Langhorn Clemens with a pseudonym. He himself noted that he had turned the ship term “mark twain” into first and last name, which meant going to a shallow depth (less than two fathoms). In addition, the pseudonym could be borrowed from the character of the story “Northern Star” by Artemus Ward.

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Pele (Edson Arantis do Nascimento)

The names of Brazilian soccer players are usually shortened to short and catchy pseudonyms. Pele’s real name is Edson Arantis do Nascimento.

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Bill Clinton (William Jefferson Blythe III)

American names in rare cases may contain Roman numerals, for example, the 42nd US president in the “original” is William Jefferson Blythe III.

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Eminem (Marshall Bruce Mathers III)

The real name of Eminem, the most popular rapper of our time, is Marshall Bruce Mathers III.

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Niki Minaj (Onika Tanya Marazh)

In the real name of the singer (Onika Tanya Marazh) her Indian and African roots are reflected, only the origin of “Tanya” remains unclear.

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Erich Maria Remarque (Erich Paul Remarque)

Before his mother’s death, Erich Paul Remarque was called, but subsequently used her name to create a literary pseudonym.

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Ani Lorak (Carolina Cuek)

Everyone knows the story of how the pseudonym Ani Lorak was invented: on the Morning Star program, she was the second participant named Carolina and to get out of the situation she read her name from right to left. And the real name of the Ukrainian star is Kuek.

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Vera Brezhneva (Vera Galushka)

Another singer from Ukraine at the moment officially bears the name of her first husband – Kiperman, and in her girlhood she had the name Galushka not quite suitable for the stage image.

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Nastya Kamenskih (Anastasia Zhmur)

If we talk about inappropriate surnames for the stage, then the list can be started with Anastasia Zhmur. Kamenskih – mother’s maiden name. Here you can mention Natalia Mogila, better known as Mogilev.

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Alexander Malinin (Alexander Vyguzov)

He replaced the severe paternal surname of Vyguzov with a pseudonym formed from the surname of his mother – Malinov.

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Grigory Leps (Grigory Lepsveridze)

The favorite of the ladies of Balzac age was born in Sochi and has Caucasian (namely Georgian) roots and the surname Lepsveridze.

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Alexander Marshal (Alexander Minkov)

The singer studied for two years as a navigator pilot at the Stavropol Higher Military Aviation School, where he received the nickname Marshal. In fact, his name is Minkov.

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Tutta Larsen (Tatyana Romanenko)

Tatyana Anatolyevna Romanenko was born in the village of Tchaikovsky near Makeevka, in the Donetsk region, subsequently taking a pseudonym formed from the names of the characters in the Swedish fairy tale “Tutta Carlson First and Only, Ludwig the Fourteenth and Others.” The highlight of the pseudonym is its pronunciation backwards.

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Timur Rodriguez (Timur Kerimov)

Once a member of the Penza KVN team “Valeon Dasson” and a resident of Comedy Club. In the world – Timur Karimov.

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Avraam Russo (Abraham Zhanovich Ipjyan)

The singer’s early biography is quite interesting. He was born in Syria in the family of the legionnaire of the French foreign legion, and his name was Abraham Zhanovich Ipjyan.

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Dima Bilan (Victor Belan)

At the very beginning of his career, the Russian singer changed his name from Victor to Dima in honor of his grandfather, and then, in addition, decided to become a “bi”, changing the parental name Belan.

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Timati (Timur Yunusov)

Initially, Timur Yunusov called himself TimOchi, but then the comparison with shampoo, apparently, ceased to frighten the rapper, and now he is known as Timati.

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Prokhor Chaliapin (Andrey Zakharenkov)

From his youth, he tried to disguise his mediocrity behind a pseudonym, attributing to himself a relationship with the great opera bass Fedor Chaliapin. In fact, the name is Andrei Zakharenkov.

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How Apple Took The Names Of iPhone And iOS From Cisco

26/03/2020 by ALOK DAS

January 9, 2007 at the Macworld conference held a landmark event for Apple. To the thunder of applause from the audience, Steve Jobs presented a revolutionary product. It was the iPhone smartphone (as it was). This product was destined to make Apple the leading manufacturer of smartphones in the world, dictating fashion and trends. However, only on June 29, 2007 the iPhone went on sale. Impatient fans lined up in line, which could not but rejoice the manufacturer.

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At the presentation, it was stated that the smartphone will be running a special phone version of Mac OS X. And a few years later, Steve Jobs announced the transition to the name iOS to designate iPhone software. The words iPhone and iOS have become inextricably linked with Apple, shaping its image. But few people know where Steve Jobs got both of these words from. In fact, he “borrowed” them from Cisco, or rather, simply took them away.

And although Apple really came up with its own notation with a letter “I” for iMac and iPod products, the trademark on the iPhone belonged to Cisco. This reputable network equipment maker had no market intersection with Apple. Cisco has always focused on professional networking solutions and large businesses, while Jobs was interested in the average consumer. Over time, Cisco turned its attention to this segment with its solutions in the form of home routers and network utilities, however, the companies did not directly compete with each other.

When Apple decided to give its smartphone the name of the iPhone, she did not think to check who owns this brand. Steve Jobs had to solve this problem with Cisco CEO Charles Giancarlo. There are several versions of how Apple managed to get the rights to trade iPhone. In general, the stories are as follows.

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How Steve Jobs took the names of iPhone and iOS from Cisco

At that time, Cisco was no less powerful than Apple. Giancarlo did not doubt his innocence and the possibilities to defend it in the negotiations. But he had to face an unusual opponent – Steve Jobs had his own ideas about reality. At first, he simply called Giancarlo several times to give up the iPhone trademark. At the same time, Apple did not offer anything in return. In fact, the company wanted to acquire a trademark for an offer of “friendship.” But is it really accepted in big business? Cisco replied that they were not going to use the word iPhone in their products, but they did not plan to sell the rights to it. Apple lawyers decided that the previous owner abandoned the brand without promoting it and protecting intellectual property. Jobs was assured that the name of the iPhone is quite accessible for use. The day after the presentation of the product, Cisco sued Apple. In addition to executives, lawyers entered into negotiations.

Steve Jobs has been actively involved in the negotiations with the help of his classic tactics. He began to call Giancarlo several times a day. The war was simply worn out. In the end, Jobs called his colleague at 6 pm on Valentine’s Day and uttered the famous phrase: “Can you check your email from home?” Giancarlo was puzzled – broadband Internet was available and the head of an IT company from Silicon Valley clearly had no problems accessing mail. As the sales launch date approaches, the frequency of calls only increased. Unable to achieve his goal, Jobs said that he would launch the iPhone anyway, and continue the fight in court.

As a result, the parties reached a closed agreement on cooperation in areas of mutual interest.

Cisco is believed to have ceded trademark rights in exchange for a future exclusive ten-year contract and tighter integration with its products (Apple planned to do so anyway). Jobs also promised a speech at Cisco headquarters.

The head of Apple proved to be a brilliant negotiator, because his company already planned to use Cisco equipment to upgrade its network infrastructure. Apple could blackmail the opponent by switching to Juniper Networks solutions, but for the company it was not profitable. Cisco decided that they were able to get something from the deal, but, in fact, Jobs got the iPhone trademark rights for free.

Interestingly, in 2010 the story repeated itself again. IPhone software was decided to be called iOS. But Cisco has already used this word earlier (IOS – Internet Operating System). Steve Jobs again actively participated in all stages of the negotiations. The rights to the name of iOS without scandals and courts passed to Apple. Cisco was only able to stipulate the transfer of trademark rights, but not technology. And Steve Jobs once again showed his genius, achieving victories in initially losing situations.

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